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Waxaan baarnay saameynta meel gaar ah oo dusha sare ah ee sifooyinka korantada ee NiCo2O4 (NCO) ee ogaanshaha gulukooska.Nanomaterials NCO oo leh aag gaar ah oo dusha sare ah oo la xakameeyey ayaa lagu soo saaray isku-dhafka hydrothermal oo lagu daro, iyo is-ururinta nanostructures leh hedgehog, irbad geed, tremella iyo ubax sida qaab-dhismeedka ayaa sidoo kale la soo saaray.Waxa ugu cusub ee habkani waxa uu ku jiraa in si nidaamsan loo xakameeyo dariiqa falcelinta kiimikaad iyada oo lagu darayo waxyaabo kala duwan oo lagu daro inta lagu guda jiro isku xidhka, taas oo keenta in ay si kedis ah u samaysmaan qaab-dhismeedka kala duwan iyada oo aan wax farqi ahi u dhexayn qaab-dhismeedka crystal iyo xaaladda kiimikaad ee walxaha ka kooban.Xakamaynta qaab-dhismeedka ee NCO nanomaterials waxay keenaysaa isbeddelo muhiim ah oo ku yimaada waxqabadka korantada ee ogaanshaha gulukooska.Iyadoo lala kaashanayo sifaynta walxaha, xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya aagga dusha gaarka ah iyo waxqabadka korantada ee ogaanshaha gulukooska ayaa laga wada hadlay.Shaqadani waxay siin kartaa aragti saynis ah oo ku saabsan hagaajinta aagga dusha sare ee nanostructures kaas oo go'aaminaya shaqeyntooda codsiyada suurtagalka ah ee biosensors gulukoosta.
Heerarka gulukooska dhiigga ayaa bixiya macluumaad muhiim ah oo ku saabsan dheef-shiid kiimikaadka iyo xaaladda jireed ee jirka1,2.Tusaale ahaan, heerarka gulukooska ee aan caadiga ahayn ee jidhka waxay noqon karaan tilmaame muhiim ah oo muujinaya dhibaatooyin caafimaad oo halis ah, oo ay ku jiraan sonkorowga, cudurada wadnaha, iyo buurnaanta3,4,5.Sidaa darteed, la socodka joogtada ah ee heerarka sonkorta dhiigga ayaa aad muhiim u ah ilaalinta caafimaadka wanaagsan.Inkasta oo noocyada kala duwan ee dareemayaasha gulukooska ee isticmaalaya ogaanshaha kiimikaad kiimikaad la soo sheegay, dareenka hooseeya iyo wakhtiyada jawaabta gaabis ah ayaa weli caqabad ku ah nidaamyada kormeerka gulukoosta ee joogtada ah6,7,8.Intaa waxaa dheer, dareemayaasha gulukooska korantada ee hadda caanka ah ee ku saleysan falcelinta enzymatic ayaa weli leh xaddidaadyo inkastoo faa'iidooyinka ay u leeyihiin jawaab-celinta degdegga ah, dareenka sare iyo hababka wax-soo-saarka ee fudud9,10.Sidaa darteed, noocyada kala duwan ee dareemayaasha elektiroonigga ah ee aan enzymatic ahayn ayaa si weyn loo darsay si looga hortago denaturation enzyme iyada oo la ilaalinayo faa'iidooyinka biosensors electrochemical9,11,12,13.
Iskudhisyada birta ee kala-guurka (TMCs) waxay leeyihiin firfircooni firfircoon oo ku filan oo sarreeya marka loo eego gulukooska, taasoo ballaarisa baaxadda codsigooda dareemayaasha gulukooska korantada13,14,15.Ilaa hadda, qaabab kala duwan oo macquul ah iyo habab fudud oo loogu talagalay isku dhafka TMS ayaa la soo jeediyay si loo sii wanaajiyo dareenka, xulashada, iyo xasiloonida korantada ee ogaanshaha gulukooska16,17,18.Tusaale ahaan, oksaydhyada birta ee kala-guurka ah ee aan mugdi ku jirin sida copper oxide (CuO) 11,19, zinc oxide (ZnO)20, nickel oxide (NiO) 21,22, cobalt oxide (Co3O4) 23,24 iyo cerium oxide (CeO2) 25 waa kiimikaad ahaan u firfircoon xagga gulukoosta.Horumarkii ugu dambeeyay ee oksaydhyada biraha ah ee binary sida nickel cobaltate (NiCo2O4) ee ogaanshaha gulukooska ayaa muujiyay saameyno dheeraad ah oo isku dhafan marka loo eego dhaqdhaqaaqa koronto ee kordhay26,27,28,29,30.Gaar ahaan, kontoroolka saxda ah ee ka kooban iyo qaab-dhismeedka qaab-dhismeedka si loo sameeyo TMS oo leh nanostructures kala duwan ayaa si wax ku ool ah u kordhin kara dareenka ogaanshaha sababtoo ah aagga weyn ee dusha sare, sidaas darteed waxaa si weyn loogu talinayaa in la horumariyo morphology la xakameeyey TMS si loo horumariyo ogaanshaha gulukooska20,25,30,31,32, 33.34, 35.
Halkan waxaan ku soo gudbineynaa NiCo2O4 (NCO) nanomaterials oo leh qaabab kala duwan oo loogu talagalay ogaanshaha gulukooska.Nanomaterials NCO waxaa lagu helaa hab fudud oo hydrothermal iyadoo la isticmaalayo daro kala duwan, lagu daro kiimikada waa mid ka mid ah qodobbada muhiimka ah ee is-ururinta nanostructures of morphologies kala duwan.Waxaan si nidaamsan u baarnay saameynta NCO-yada leh qaabab kala duwan oo ku saabsan waxqabadkooda korantada ee ogaanshaha gulukooska, oo ay ku jiraan dareenka, xulashada, xaddidaadda ogaanshaha hooseeya, iyo xasilloonida muddada dheer.
Waxaan ka samaysanay NCO nanomaterials (oo loo soo gaabiyo UNCO, PNCO, TNCO iyo FNCO siday u kala horreeyaan) oo leh qaab-dhismeedyo yaryar oo la mid ah urchins badda, cirbadaha geed, tremella iyo ubax.Jaantuska 1 wuxuu muujinayaa qaababka kala duwan ee UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, iyo FNCO.Sawirada SEM iyo sawirada EDS waxay muujiyeen in Ni, Co, iyo O si siman loogu qaybiyay NCO nanomaterials, sida lagu muujiyay jaantusyada 1 iyo 2. S1 iyo S2, siday u kala horreeyaan.On berde.2a,b waxay tusaysaa sawirada TEM ee matalayaasha NCO nanomaterials oo leh qaab-dhismeedka kala duwan.UNCO waa microsphere iskiis isu aruuriya (dhexroor: ~ 5 µm) oo ka kooban nanowires oo leh NCO nanoparticles (celcelis ahaan cabbirka walxaha: 20 nm).Qaab-dhismeedkan yar ee gaarka ah ayaa la filayaa inuu bixiyo aag weyn oo dusha sare ah si loo fududeeyo fidinta korantada iyo gaadiidka elektaroonigga ah.Ku darida NH4F iyo HOL inta lagu guda jiro isku-dhafka waxay keentay qaab-dhismeed yar oo dhumuc weyn leh (PNCO) 3 µm dheer iyo 60 nm ballaaran, oo ka kooban nanoparticles waaweyn.Ku darida HMT halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd NH4F waxay keentaa qaab-dhismeedka tremello-sida (TNCO) oo leh nanosheets laalaabtay.Soo bandhigida NH4F iyo HMT inta lagu guda jiro iskudubaridku waxay keenaysaa isu geynta nanosheets laalaabtay, taasoo keentay qaab-dhismeedka ubaxa u eg (FNCO).Sawirka HREM (Jaantus. 2c) waxa uu muujinayaa xargo kala duwan oo leh meelo isdhexgal ah oo ah 0.473, 0.278, 0.50, iyo 0.237 nm, oo u dhiganta (111), (220), (311), iyo (222) NiCo2O4 dayuuradaha, s 27 .Nanomaterials NCO ee la xushay ee elektaroonigga ah (SAED) (lagu dhejiyay sawirka 2b) ayaa sidoo kale xaqiijiyay dabeecadda polycrystalline ee NiCo2O4.Natiijooyinka xagal-sare ee sawirka mugdiga mugdiga ah (HAADF) iyo khariidaynta EDS waxay muujinayaan in dhammaan walxaha si siman loogu qaybiyay NCO nanomaterial, sida ku cad sawirka 2d.
Sharaxaada qaabaysan ee habka samaynta NiCo2O4 nanostructures oo leh qaab-dhismeedka la xakameeyey.Sawirada naqshadaynta iyo SEM ee nanostructures kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale la muujiyay.
Astaanta morphological iyo qaabdhismeedka NCO nanomaterials: (a) sawirka TEM, (b) sawirka TEM oo ay weheliso qaabka SAED, (c) sawirka HRTEM ee la xaliyay iyo sawirada HADDF ee u dhigma ee Ni, Co, iyo O ee (d) NCO nanomaterials..
Noocyada kala-duwanaanshaha raajada ee NCO nanomaterials ee qaab-dhismeedka kala duwan ayaa lagu muujiyay berdihii.3a.Kala duwanaanshaha ugu sarreeya ee 18.9, 31.1, 36.6, 44.6, 59.1 iyo 64.9 ° waxay muujinayaan diyaaradaha (111), (220), (311), (400), (511) iyo (440) NiCo2O4, siday u kala horreeyaan, kuwaas oo leh cubic qaab-dhismeedka laf-dhabarta (JCPDS No. 20-0781) 36. Muuqaalka FT-IR ee nanomaterials NCO ayaa lagu muujiyay Fig.3b.Laba xabbo oo gariir oo xooggan oo gobolka ah inta u dhaxaysa 555 iyo 669 cm–1 waxay u dhigantaa bir (Ni iyo Co) ogsijiin laga soo qaaday tetrahedral iyo boosaska octahedral ee spinel NiCo2O437, siday u kala horreeyaan.Si loo fahmo sifooyinka qaabdhismeedka NCO nanomaterials, Raman spectra ayaa la helay sida ku cad sawirka 3c.Afarta ugu sarreysa ee lagu arkay 180, 459, 503, iyo 642 cm-1 waxay u dhigantaa qaababka Raman F2g, E2g, F2g, iyo A1g ee lafdhabarta NiCo2O4, siday u kala horreeyaan.Cabbirrada XPS ayaa la sameeyay si loo go'aamiyo xaaladda kiimikaad ee kore ee canaasiirta NCO nanomaterials.On berde.3d waxay tusinaysaa qaabka XPS ee UNCO.Xajmiga Ni 2p waxa uu leeyahay laba sarood oo waaweyn oo ku yaala isku xidhka tamarta ee 854.8 iyo 872.3 eV, una dhiganta Ni 2p3/2 iyo Ni 2p1/2, iyo laba satalayt gariir ee 860.6 iyo 879.1 eV, siday u kala horreeyaan.Tani waxay muujinaysaa jiritaanka Ni2+ iyo Ni3+ oxidation states ee NCO.Meelaha ugu sarreeya ee ku dhow 855.9 iyo 873.4 eV waxaa loogu talagalay Ni3+, iyo agagaarka 854.2 iyo 871.6 eV waxaa loogu talagalay Ni2+.Sidoo kale, nooca Co2p ee laba-jibbaarada-orbit-ka laba-jibbaaran waxay daaha ka qaadaysaa astaamaha ugu sarreeya ee Co2+ iyo Co3+ ee 780.4 (Co 2p3/2) iyo 795.7 eV (Co 2p1/2).Meelaha ugu sarreeya ee 796.0 iyo 780.3 eV waxay u dhigmaan Co2+, iyo 794.4 iyo 779.3 eV waxay u dhigantaa Co3+.Waa in la ogaadaa in gobolka polyvalent ee ions birta (Ni2+/Ni3+ iyo Co2+/Co3+) ee NiCo2O4 ay kor u qaaddo korodhka dhaqdhaqaaqa korantada ee37,38.Muuqaalka Ni2p iyo Co2p ee UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, iyo FNCO waxay muujiyeen natiijooyin isku mid ah, sida ku cad berdaha.S3.Intaa waxaa dheer, spectra O1s ee dhammaan NCO nanomaterials (Sawir S4) ayaa muujiyay laba ugu sarreeya ee 592.4 iyo 531.2 eV, kuwaas oo la xidhiidha biraha-oxygen-ka caadiga ah iyo bonds oxygen ee kooxaha hydroxyl ee dusha NCO, siday u kala horreeyaan39.Inkasta oo qaab-dhismeedka NCO nanomaterials ay isku mid yihiin, kala duwanaanshiyaha morphological ee waxyaabaha lagu daro waxay soo jeedinayaan in wax kasta oo lagu daro ay si kala duwan uga qayb qaadan karaan falcelinta kiimikada si loo sameeyo NCO.Tani waxay xakameysaa nucleation-ka iyo tillaabooyinka koriinka hadhuudhka ee tamar ahaan wanaagsan, markaasay xakameyneyso cabbirka walxaha iyo heerka agglomeration.Sidaa darteed, xakamaynta cabbirrada nidaamka kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan waxyaabaha lagu daro, waqtiga falcelinta, iyo heerkulka inta lagu jiro isku-dhafka, ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu qaabeeyo qaab-dhismeedka yar-yar iyo hagaajinta waxqabadka korantada ee NCO nanomaterials ee ogaanshaha gulukooska.
(a) Qaababka kala-duwanaanshaha raajada, (b) FTIR iyo (c) Raman spectra ee NCO nanomaterials, (d) spectra XPS ee Ni 2p iyo Co 2p ee UNCO.
Qaab-dhismeedka NCO nanomaterials ee la habeeyey waxay si dhow ula xiriirtaa samaynta wejiyada bilawga ah ee laga helay waxyaabo kala duwan oo lagu sawiray Jaantus S5.Intaa waxaa dheer, raajada iyo Raman spectra ee muunado cusub oo la diyaariyey (Jaantus S6 iyo S7a) waxay muujiyeen in ku lug lahaanshaha kiimikada lagu daro kala duwan ay keentay kala duwanaansho crystallographic: Ni iyo Co carbonate hydroxides ayaa inta badan lagu arkay urchins badda iyo qaab dhismeedka irbada geed, halka sida Qaab dhismeedka qaabka tremella iyo ubaxa waxay muujinayaan joogitaanka nikkel iyo kobalt hydroxides.Muuqaalka FT-IR iyo XPS ee shaybaarrada la diyaariyey ayaa lagu muujiyey jaantusyada 1 iyo 2. S7b-S9 waxay sidoo kale bixiyaan caddayn cad oo ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaha crystallographic ee aan soo sheegnay.Laga soo bilaabo sifooyinka shay ee shaybaarada la diyaariyey, waxay caddaynaysaa in waxyaabaha lagu daro ay ku lug leeyihiin falcelinta hydrothermal waxayna bixiyaan dariiqooyin falcelin oo kala duwan si loo helo wejiyada bilowga ah oo leh qaabab kala duwan40,41,42.Isku-ururinta qaababka kala duwan, oo ka kooban hal-cabbir (1D) nanowires iyo laba-cabbir (2D) nanosheets, waxaa lagu sharaxay xaaladda kiimikada ee kala duwan ee wejiyada bilowga ah (Ni iyo Co ions, iyo sidoo kale kooxo shaqeynaya). oo ay ku xigto koritaanka crystal42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47. Inta lagu jiro habka kuleylka ka dib, marxaladaha kala duwan ee bilowga ah ayaa loo beddelaa lafdhabarta NCO iyada oo la ilaalinayo qaab-dhismeedkooda gaarka ah, sida ku cad jaantusyada 1 iyo 2. 2 iyo 3a.
Kala duwanaanshaha moofoloji ee NCO nanomaterials waxay saameyn kartaa aagga korantada ee firfircoonida korantada ee ogaanshaha gulukooska, si loo go'aamiyo sifooyinka guud ee korantada kiimikooyinka gulukooska.N2 BET adsorption-desorption isotherm ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu qiyaaso xajmiga daloolka iyo aagga gaarka ah ee nanomaterials NCO.On berde.4 waxay tusinaysaa BET isotherms ee nanomaterials NCO kala duwan.Bedka BET ee gaarka ah ee UNCO, PNCO, TNCO iyo FNCO waxaa lagu qiyaasay 45.303, 43.304, 38.861 iyo 27.260 m2/g, siday u kala horreeyaan.UNCO waxay leedahay bedka BET ugu sarreeya (45.303 m2 g-1) iyo mugga daloolka ugu weyn (0.2849 cm3 g-1), iyo qaybinta cabbirka daloolku waa cidhiidhi.Natiijooyinka BET ee NCO nanomaterials ayaa lagu muujiyay Shaxda 1. N2 xayaysiis-qaloocintu waxay aad ula mid ahaayeen nooca IV-ga isothermal hysteresis loops, taas oo muujinaysa in dhammaan shaybaarada ay lahaayeen qaab-dhismeed mesoporous48.Mesoporous UNCOs oo leh aagga sare ee ugu sarreeya iyo mugga daloolka ugu sarreeya ayaa la filayaa inay bixiyaan goobo firfircoon oo badan oo loogu talagalay falcelinta dib-u-celinta, taasoo horseedaysa hagaajinta waxqabadka korantada.
Natiijooyinka BET ee (a) UNCO, (b) PNCO, (c) TNCO, iyo (d) FNCO.Gelinku wuxuu muujinayaa qaybinta cabbirka daloolka u dhigma.
Dareen-celinta elektiroonigga ah ee dib-u-celinta ee NCO nanomaterials oo leh qaabab kala duwan oo loogu talagalay ogaanshaha gulukooska ayaa lagu qiimeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo cabbirada CV.On berde.5 waxay muujinaysaa curcurka CV ee NCO nanomaterials ee 0.1 M NaOH alkaline electrolyte leh iyo la'aanteed gulukoos 5 mM oo ah qiyaasta sawirka 50 mVs-1.Maqnaanshaha gulukooska, redox ugu sarreeya ayaa lagu arkay 0.50 iyo 0.35 V, oo u dhiganta oksaydhka la xidhiidha M-O (M: Ni2 +, Co2 +) iyo M * -O-OH (M *: Ni3 +, Co3+).iyadoo la isticmaalayo OH anion.Ka dib marka lagu daro gulukooska 5 mM, falcelinta redox ee dusha sare ee NCO nanomaterials ayaa si weyn u kordhay, taas oo laga yaabo inay sabab u tahay oksaydhka gulukooska ee gluconolactone.Jaantuska S10 wuxuu muujinayaa qulqulka dib-u-dhaqaajinta ugu sarreeya ee heerarka iskaanka ee 5-100 mV s-1 ee 0.1 M NaOH xalka.Way caddahay in isbeddelka ugu sarreeya ee hadda jira uu kordho iyadoo la kordhinayo heerka iskaanka, taas oo muujinaysa in NCO nanomaterials ay leeyihiin faafin la mid ah habdhaqanka kiimikaad ee korantada50,51.Sida ku cad Jaantuska S11, aagga korantada korantada (ECSA) ee UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, iyo FNCO waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay yihiin 2.15, 1.47, 1.2, iyo 1.03 cm2, siday u kala horreeyaan.Tani waxay soo jeedinaysaa in UNCO ay faa'iido u leedahay habka korantada, fududaynta ogaanshaha gulukooska.
Qalloocyada CV ee (a) UNCO, (b) PNCO, (c) TNCO, iyo (d) FNCO electrodes oo aan lahayn gulukoos laguna kabay 5 mM gulukoos cabirka sawirka 50 mVs-1.
Waxqabadka elektaroonigga ah ee NCO nanomaterials ee loogu talagalay ogaanshaha gulukooska ayaa la baaray natiijooyinkana waxaa lagu muujiyay sawirka 6. Dareenka gulukoosta waxaa lagu go'aamiyay habka CA iyadoo si tartiib tartiib ah loogu daro uruurinta kala duwan ee gulukooska (0.01-6 mM) ee 0.1 M NaOH ee 0.5 V oo u dhexeeya 60 s.Sida ku cad fig.6a-d, NCO nanomaterials waxay muujinayaan dareeno kala duwan oo u dhexeeya 84.72 ilaa 116.33 µA mM-1 cm-2 oo leh iskuxirayaal sare (R2) min 0.99 ilaa 0.993.Qallooca cabbirka ee u dhexeeya feejignaanta gulukooska iyo falcelinta hadda ee NCO nanomaterials ayaa lagu muujiyey berdaha.S12.Xadka la xisaabiyay ee ogaanshaha (LOD) ee NCO nanomaterials waxay ku jireen inta u dhaxaysa 0.0623-0.0783 µM.Marka loo eego natiijooyinka baaritaanka CA, UNCO waxay muujisay dareenka ugu sarreeya (116.33 μA mM-1 cm-2) ee kala duwanaanshaha ogaanshaha ballaaran.Tan waxaa lagu sharxi karaa qaab-dhismeedkeeda u gaarka ah ee urchin-badeedka, oo ka kooban qaab-dhismeed mesoporous oo leh aag ballaaran oo gaar ah oo bixiya goobo badan oo firfircoon oo loogu talagalay noocyada gulukooska.Waxqabadka korantada kiimikaad ee NCO nanomaterials ee lagu soo bandhigay Shaxda S1 waxay xaqiijinaysaa waxqabadka wanaagsan ee gulukooska korantada ee ogaanshaha NCO nanomaterials ee lagu diyaariyay daraasaddan.
Jawaabaha CA ee UNCO (a), PNCO (b), TNCO (c), iyo FNCO (d) electrodes oo leh gulukoos lagu daray 0.1 M NaOH xal 0.50 V. Qalabku waxay muujinayaan qalooca jawaabaha hadda jira ee NCO nanomaterials: (e Jawaabaha KA ee UNCO, (f) PNCO, (g) TNCO, iyo (h) FNCO oo si tartiib tartiib ah loogu daray 1 mM gulukoos iyo 0.1 mM walxo faragelinaya (LA, DA, AA, iyo UA).
Awoodda ka-hortagga faragelinta ee ogaanshaha gulukooska waa arrin kale oo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah xulashada iyo ogaanshaha xasaasiga ah ee gulukooska iyada oo la faragelinayo isku-dhafka.On berde.6e-h waxay muujinaysaa awoodda ka-hortagga faragelinta ee NCO nanomaterials ee 0.1 M NaOH xal.Unugyada faragelinta caadiga ah sida LA, DA, AA iyo UA ayaa la doortaa oo lagu daraa elektrolytka.Jawaabta hadda ee nanomaterials NCO ee gulukooska waa mid muuqata.Si kastaba ha noqotee, jawaabta hadda ee UA, DA, AA iyo LA isma beddelin, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in NCO nanomaterials ay muujiyeen xulasho aad u wanaagsan oo loogu talagalay ogaanshaha gulukooska iyada oo aan loo eegin kala duwanaanshahooda qaabdhismeedka.Jaantuska S13 wuxuu muujinayaa xasiloonida NCO nanomaterials ee lagu baaray jawaabta CA ee 0.1 M NaOH, halkaas oo gulukooska 1 mM lagu daray elektrolytka muddo dheer (80,000 s).Jawaabaha hadda ee UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, iyo FNCO waxay ahaayeen 98.6%, 97.5%, 98.4%, iyo 96.8%, siday u kala horreeyaan, ee hadda bilowga ah oo lagu daray 1 mM gulukoos dheeraad ah kadib 80,000 s.Dhammaan NCO nanomaterials waxay soo bandhigaan falcelin dib-u-celin deggan oo leh noocyada gulukooska muddo dheer.Gaar ahaan, calaamadda hadda jirta ee UNCO kuma eka oo keliya 97.1% ee hadda bilawga ah, laakiin waxa kale oo ay sii haysataa qaab-dhismeedkeeda iyo curaarta kiimikada ka dib 7-maalmood oo tijaabo xasilloon oo deegaanka ah (Jaantus S14 iyo S15a).Intaa waxaa dheer, soo saarista iyo soo saarista UNCO ayaa la tijaabiyay sida ku cad sawirka S15b, c.Kala leexashada heerka qaraabada ee la xisaabiyay (RSD) ee soo saarista iyo soo celinta waxay ahayd 2.42% iyo 2.14%, siday u kala horreeyaan, taasoo muujinaysa codsiyada suurtagalka ah ee heerka gulukooska darajada warshadaha.Tani waxay tusinaysaa xasiloonida qaab dhismeedka iyo kiimikaad ee ugu wanaagsan ee UNCO iyadoo lagu hoos jiro xaaladaha oksaydhka ee ogaanshaha gulukooska.
Waxaa cad in waxqabadka korantada kiimikada ee NCO nanomaterials ee ogaanshaha gulukooska ay inta badan la xiriirto faa'iidooyinka qaabdhismeedka wajiga hore ee ay diyaarisay habka hydrothermal ee lagu daro (Sawir S16).Aagga dusha sare ee UNCO waxay leedahay goobo koronto ka badan marka loo eego nanostructures kale, kaas oo gacan ka geysta hagaajinta falcelinta dib-u-celinta ee u dhexeeya walxaha firfircoon iyo qaybaha gulukooska.Qaab dhismeedka mesoporous ee UNCO wuxuu si fudud u soo bandhigi karaa goobo badan oo Ni iyo Co ah elektrolytka si loo ogaado gulukoosta, taasoo keentay jawaab celin korantada oo degdeg ah.Nanowires-ka hal-beegga ah ee UNCO waxay sii kordhin karaan heerka faafinta iyagoo siinaya wadooyin gaadiid gaagaaban oo loogu talagalay ion iyo elektaroonnada.Sababtoo ah sifooyinka qaabdhismeedka gaarka ah ee kor lagu soo sheegay, waxqabadka korantada ee UNCO ee ogaanshaha gulukooska ayaa ka sarreeya kan PNCO, TNCO, iyo FNCO.Tani waxay tusinaysaa in qaab-dhismeedka UNCO-ga gaarka ah ee leh bedka sare ee ugu sarreeya iyo cabbirka daloolka uu bixin karo waxqabadka korantada ee ugu wanaagsan ee ogaanshaha gulukooska.
Saamaynta aagga dusha gaarka ah ee sifooyinka korantada ee NCO nanomaterials ayaa la darsay.Nanomaterials NCO oo leh meel gaar ah oo dusha sare ah oo kala duwan ayaa lagu helay habka hydrothermal fudud iyo waxyaabo kala duwan oo lagu daro.Waxyaabaha lagu daro ee kala duwan inta lagu guda jiro iskudubaridku waxay galaan falcelin kiimikaad oo kala duwan waxayna sameeyaan wejiyo kala duwan oo bilaw ah.Tani waxay keentay is-ururinta nanostructures kala duwan oo leh qaab-dhismeedka la midka ah hedgehog, cirbadda geed, tremella, iyo ubax.Kuleyliyaha dambe ee soo socda wuxuu keenaa xaalad kiimikaad la mid ah oo ah nanomaterial crystalline NCO oo leh qaab-dhismeedka lafdhabarta iyadoo la ilaalinayo qaab-dhismeedkooda gaarka ah.Iyadoo ku xiran aagga dusha sare ee qaab-dhismeedka kala duwan, waxqabadka korantada ee NCO nanomaterials ee ogaanshaha gulukooska ayaa si weyn loo hagaajiyay.Gaar ahaan, dareenka gulukooska ee NCO nanomaterials oo leh qaab-dhismeedka urchin badda ayaa kordhay ilaa 116.33 µA mM-1 cm-2 oo leh isku-xirnaan sare (R2) ee 0.99 ee qiyaasta tooska ah ee 0.01-6 mM.Shaqadani waxay ku siin kartaa saldhig cilmiyaysan injineernimada morphological si loo hagaajiyo aag gaar ah oo dusha sare ah iyo in la sii wanaajiyo waxqabadka korantada ee codsiyada biosensor aan ahayn enzymatic.
Ni (NO3)2 6H2O, Co (NO3)2 6H2O, HOL, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), d-(+) -glucose, lactic acid (LA), dopamine hydrochloride ( DA), L-ascorbic acid (AA) iyo uric acid (UA) ayaa laga soo iibsaday Sigma-Aldrich.Dhammaan reage-yaasha la isticmaalay waxay ahaayeen heer gorfayn waxaana la isticmaalay iyada oo aan la nadiifin.
NiCo2O4 waxaa lagu farsameeyay hab fudud oo biyo-dhaliye ah oo ay ku xigto daaweynta kulaylka.Si kooban: 1 mmol ee nikkel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2∙6H2O) iyo 2 mmol oo ah nitrate kobalt (Co(NO3)2∙6H2O) ayaa lagu milmay 30 ml oo biyo nadiif ah.Si loo xakameeyo qaab-dhismeedka NiCo2O4, waxyaabaha lagu daro sida HOL, ammonium fluoride iyo hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) ayaa si xushmad leh loogu daray xalka kore.Isku darka oo dhan ayaa markaa loo wareejiyay 50 ml oo ah Teflon-lineed autoclave waxaana lagu dhejiyay falcelinta hydrothermal foornada kuleylka 120 ° C. 6 saacadood.Ka dib qaboojinta dabiiciga ah ee heerkulka qolka, roobabkii ka soo baxay waa la centrifused oo dhowr jeer lagu dhaqay biyo nadiif ah iyo ethanol, ka dibna la qalajiyey habeenkii 60 ° C.Intaa ka dib, muunado cusub oo la diyaariyey ayaa lagu dhajiyay 400 ° C ilaa 4 saacadood jawiga deegaanka.Faahfaahinta tijaabadu waxay ku taxan yihiin Shaxda Macluumaadka Dheeraadka ah ee S2.
Falanqaynta kala-duwanaanta raajada (XRD, X'Pert-Pro MPD; PANalytical) ayaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo shucaaca Cu-Kα (λ = 0.15418 nm) ee 40 kV iyo 30 mA si loo barto sifooyinka qaabdhismeedka ee dhammaan nanomaterials NCO.Qaababka kala duwanaanshiyaha waxaa lagu duubay xagal kala duwan oo ah 2θ 10-80 ° oo leh tallaabo ah 0.05 °.Qaab-dhismeedka dusha sare iyo qaab-dhismeed yar ayaa la baadhay iyadoo la isticmaalayo iskaanka qiiqa hawada ee mikroskoobyada elektaroonigga ah (FESEM; Nova SEM 200, FEI) iyo iskaanka gudbinta elektarooniga microscopy (STEM; TALOS F200X, FEI) oo leh tamar kala firdhisa raajada spectroscopy (EDS).Xaaladaha valence ee dusha sare waxaa lagu falanqeeyay X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; PHI 5000 Versa Probe II, ULVAC PHI) iyadoo la adeegsanayo shucaaca Al Kα (hν = 1486.6 eV).Tamarta isku-xidhka ah ayaa lagu jaangooyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo C 1 s ugu sarreysa ee 284.6 eV tixraac ahaan.Ka dib diyaarinta shaybaarada qaybaha KBr, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra waxaa lagu duubay tirada mowjadaha 1500-400 cm-1 ee Jasco-FTIR-6300 spectrometer.Raman spectra ayaa sidoo kale la helay iyadoo la adeegsanayo Raman spectrometer (Horiba Co., Japan) oo leh laser He-Ne (632.8 nm) oo ah isha kicinta.Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET; BELSORP mini II, MicrotracBEL, Corp.) waxay adeegsatay BELSORP mini II analyzer (MicrotracBEL Corp.) si loo cabbiro heerkulka hoose ee N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms si loo qiyaaso qaybinta dusha sare ee gaarka ah iyo cabbirka daloolka.
Dhammaan cabbiraadaha korantada, sida voltammetry cyclic (CV) iyo chronoamperometry (CA), ayaa lagu sameeyay PGSTAT302N potentiostat (Metrohm-Autolab) heerkulka qolka iyadoo la adeegsanayo nidaamka saddex-electrode ee 0.1 M NaOH aqueous.Koronto shaqaynaysa oo ku salaysan koronto kaarboon dhalo leh (GC), elektrode Ag/AgCl ah, iyo saxan platinum ah ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii korantada shaqaynaysa, koltarka tixraaca, iyo korantada korantada, siday u kala horreeyaan.CV-yada waxaa la duubay inta u dhaxaysa 0 iyo 0.6 V iyadoo la raacayo heerar kala duwan oo iskaan ah oo ah 5-100 mV s-1.Si loo cabbiro ECSA, CV-ga waxa lagu sameeyay inta u dhaxaysa 0.1-0.2 V iyadoo la eegayo heerar iskaan oo kala duwan (5-100 mV s-1).Ku soo hel falcelinta CA ee muunadda gulukooska 0.5 V adigoo walaaqaya.Si loo cabbiro dareenka iyo xulashada, isticmaal gulukoos 0.01-6 mM, 0.1 mM LA, DA, AA, iyo UA gudaha 0.1 M NaOH.Soo saarista UNCO waxaa lagu tijaabiyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo saddex elektaroonig ah oo kala duwan oo lagu kabay gulukoos 5 mM iyadoo lagu jiro xaalado wanaagsan.Dib u soo celinta ayaa sidoo kale lagu hubiyay iyadoo lagu sameeyay saddex cabbir hal koronto UNCO ah 6 saacadood gudahood.
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